Biological Sciences

Biological Sciences

Free Radical Biochemistry Laboratory

Group Leader: Dr Steven Gieseg

Index to Free Radical Biochemistry Site

1. What is a free radical?
2. The laboratory
3. About Dr Gieseg
4. Research Projects available for postgraduates
5. Equipment Available and description of the laboratory
6. List of current laboratory members
7. List of past laboratory members
8. External collaborators
9. Publications of Dr Gieseg
10. Back to School of Biology Home Page

The Laboratory

The Free Radical Biochemistry Laboratory was established in 1997 on the 6th floor of what was originally the Zoology Building. Under the supervision of Dr Steven Gieseg, a variety of students have researched the biological changes occurring in cells when they are exposed to damaging free radicals. Free radical damage has been implicated in many disease processes, from heart disease to cancer. The laboratory research is focused on three major areas, free radical damage to cellular proteins, the role of the antioxidant 7,8‑dihydroneopterin in inflammation, and the role of free radical damage in the development of vascular disease (heart disease and complications of diabetes). This research has recently been extended to the study of stem cell death and vascular disease induced stroke. Using a range of biochemical and cell culture techniques the laboratory has made significant contributions to the understanding of free radical driven processes in plasma and cells.

About Dr Gieseg

Dr Gieseg originally comes from the town of Invercargill at the bottom of New Zealand’s South Island. After completing a PhD in Biochemistry in 1989 at the University of Otago, Dunedin, he took up a Post-Doctorial Position at the Heart Research Institute in Sydney Australia to work with Prof Roger Dean and Dr Wendy Jessup. Along with Dr Jeremy Simpson and Prof. Jan Gebicki from Macquarie University he described the formation and reactivity of protein hydroperoxides and discovered the formation of protein bound DOPA. In 1993 he moved to the University of Graz in Austria to work with the Prof Herman Esterbauer. Together they described the role of copper binding sites on low density lipoprotein and discovered the antioxidant activity of 7, 8-dihydroneopterin. In 1995 he accepted a lectureship in Biochemistry at the University of Canterbury where he started the Free Radical Biochemistry Laboratory. The laboratory has established itself as one of the leaders in the study of the antioxidant properties of 7,8-dihydroneopterin during inflammation. Dr Gieseg is a keen fisherman, hunter, skier, gardener and furniture maker though he is only good at the last two according to his family.   

Research Projects

postgrad projects Our projects are suitable for any post graduate students with a background in biochemistry, biological/organic chemistry, animal physiology, molecular biology, genetics, cell biology, or microbiology. Projects can be undertaken in the Free Radical Biochemistry Laboratory for the degrees of B.Sc. (Hons), M.Sc., and Ph.D. in Biochemistry, Biology, Cell & Molecular Biology, Animal Physiology. The laboratory is well equipped with a range of analytical machines including GC, HPLC, fluorometric and UV/Vis spectrophotometers, plus cell culture facilities. University Fees. 

1) Heart disease, strokes and plaque growth: The role of cell death
Heart disease and strokes are caused by the collection of cholesterol filled cells within the wall of arteries called atherosclerotic plaques. Oxidised cholesterol formed in the plaque causes cells to die and the plaque to rupture so triggering blood clot formation. This results in a heart attack if the clot stops the supply of blood to the heart, or a stroke if the supply to parts of the brain is affected. Our past research has described how a white blood cell generated antioxidant called dihydroneopterin protects the cells from oxidised cholesterol and inhibits the formation of oxidised LDL. This research project will look at the mechanism of this protection by studying the regulation of the cholesterol uptake receptors and the intracellular oxidant scavenging activity of dihydroneopterin. The understanding of the cellular death mechanism is essential for the development of new treatments to prevent plaque formation. We are looking for students who have an interest in clinical/medical biochemistry and wish to learn how to grow and culture human cells.

2) Oxidative and Inflammatory Events in Atherosclerotic Plaque
The events driving plaque growth in the artery are very much determined by the balance of oxidants and antioxidants. This balance is affected by inflammatory events within the plaque and the changing flow of blood through the artery. We have an on going study analysing atherosclerotic plaques removed from patients during surgery, to determine variation in levels of antioxidant and oxidant through the length of the plaque tissue.
This study is providing important data on the location of key oxidative events occurring during the disease progression. The research also provides extensive training in the use of HPLC (high performance liquid chromatography) for the measurement of antioxidants and oxidative markers in clinical samples.
 
3) Inflammation and Septicaemia
The release of γ-interferon by T cells is a key part of the inflammatory response to infection and damaged cells. γ-Interferon causes phagocytic white blood cells to increase their ability to generate oxidants and degradative enzymes. In macrophage cells, interferon also causes the synthesis of 7, 8-dihydroneopterin and its oxidation product neopterin from GTP. The measurement of neopterin has been used for over a decade for the detection and monitoring of inflammation within the body. Our research has shown that the 7, 8-dihydroneopterin is a potent antioxidant which may act to protect the macrophages cells. This research project will look at how inflammation and pus production in post operative patients is related to the levels of 7, 8-dihydroneopterin, neopterin and oxidants in the patients blood and site the actual site of inflammation. We are looking for students with an interest in clinical biochemistry and machine based biochemistry. The project would involve the collection of samples from patients at Christchurch hospital and developing new methods to measure 7, 8-dihydroneopterin and free radical damage.

4) Radical damage to blood plasma proteins during disease
Much of the free radical research carried out on tissue damage has centred on lipid oxidation while ignoring the central role of proteins as receptors, enzymes and messenger molecules. Oxidative damage to proteins causes severe disruption to cellular metabolism. We wish to identify the key proteins which are damaged within the cells and human plasma during oxidative damage. This research will involve the use of either human plasma or cancer cell lines and a range of spectrophotometry and chromatography (HPLC) methods to measure these reactions to identify the key points of damage.

5) What protects fish from oxidants?
Research on mammals has shown that antioxidants such as vitamins C and E are vital for maintaining and protecting the metabolic machinery in an oxidative environment. Very little is known about antioxidants within “cold blooded” marine vertebrates. What are the relative levels of chemical antioxidants in comparison to the antioxidant enzymes? How does stress through excessive activity or environmental factors such as water temperature or pollution, affect the levels or activity of these enzymes and antioxidants? A number of projects are available to study these systemsincluding the study of Antarctic fish.

Fees

All PhD Students pay only domestic fees. Only MSc students from New Zealand, Australia, France and Germany pay domestic fees all other students pay the international fees.  For further information, non-New Zealand residence should check the university web site http://www.canterbury.ac.nz/intstud or email international@canterbury.ac.nz.

Research and Scholarship Funding

There are a number of research grants for Ph.D. students which you can apply for. This information can be found at http://www.canterbury.ac.nz/scholarships

The Free Radical Biochemistry Laboratory Equipment

The laboratory is situated on the 6th floor of the Biology building of the School of Biological Sciences. We have a total of 60 m2 of laboratory space in addition to our office space. The laboratory is well equipped with tissue culture and analytical equipment. We have two fully automated Shimadzu HPLC with UV/Vis, PDA, ECD and Fluorescence detectors. We also have a UV/Vis Spectrophotometer, Fluorescence Spectrophotometer and Gas Chromatograph.  We have four refrigerated centrifuges, a shaking incubator, two fume hoods, C2 containment hood, electrophoresis equipment and the usual bench equipment. In the neighbouring laboratory we have further cell culture facilities and CO2 incubators. Cold rooms, gamma counter and fluorescence microscope equipment are also located on the 6th floor.The department also maintains a modern marine research station in Kaikoura equipped with three boats, diving equipment, four wheel drive vehiclesand laboratory equipment.

The Research Members of the Free Radical Biochemistry Laboratory

Position

Name

Title of Research Project

Year
Started

Group Leader

Dr Steven Gieseg

Free Radical Biochemistry

Research Associate

Dr Nick Tuckey

Free radical generation in fish

 

Ph.D.

Zunika Amit

Antioxidant inhibition of foam cell apoptosis

2004

Ph.D.

Hanidi Katouah

Effect of OxLDL on macrophage Metabolism

2006

Ph.D.

Tina Yang

Peroxyl radical and HOCl mediated cell death

2006

M.Sc. (Hons)

Rebecca Genet

Neopterin biochemistry within plaque

2008

M.Sc (Hons)

Lucy Rutherford

OxLDL toxicity to Macrophages

2008

B.Sc. (Hons)

Anastasia Shchepetkina

Lipid oxidion in atherosclerotic plaque

2008

Past Research Students

35 theses made up of 4 PhD, 21 MSc (Hons), 2 MSc, 7 BSc (Hons),  B Chem Proc Eng

Seventeen with first class degrees. (*)  denotes a pass of first class

Year

Name

Thesis Title

Degree

1995

Juliet M. Pullar,

Myeloperoxidase-dependent lipid peroxidation.

B.Sc. (Hons)*

1996

Melanie M. Brown,

Evaluation of the bioactivity of Pinus Radiata bark extracts.

B.Chem. Proc. Eng

1997

Sarah L. Cuddihy

Antioxidant defence mechanisms in Fish: The effect of habitat temperature.

B.Sc. (Hons)*

1998

Jacqueline Whybrow

Oxidative damage and 7,8-dihydroneopterin antioxidant activity in monocytic cells.

M.Sc.(Hons)*

1998

Teresa Clark

Death in human skin fibroblast by reactive oxygen species: Apoptosis or Necrosis?

M.Sc.(Hons)

1998

Tomas Cruz

Antioxidant protection of the plasma membrane by 7,8-dihydroneopterin

M.Sc. (Hons)

1998

Sarah Baird

The antioxidant activity of flavonoid extracts

B.Sc. (Hons)*

1999

Erron Henderson

Lipid peroxidation by myeloperoxidase

M.Sc.

1999

Ghassan Maghzal

Red blood cell membrane protection from oxidative damage by 7,8 dihydroneopterin

M.Sc. (Hons)*

1999

Dylan Glubb

Antoxidant defence mechanisms of U937 cells

M.Sc. (Hons)*

2000

Kelly Anderson

Antioxidant protection of the THP-1 cell line

B.Sc. (Hons)

2000

Sean Duggan

7,8-dihydroneopterin, an endogenous defence against free radical damage

M.Sc. (Hons)*

2001

Sara Cato

Prevention of cell mediated LDL oxidation by 7,8‑dihydroneopterin

M.Sc. (Hons)*

2001

Chris Rait

Characterisation of the antioxidant activity of 7,8-dihydroneopterin with proteins.

M.Sc. (Hons)*

2001

Carol Firth

Free radical damage to cellular proteins

B.Sc. (Hons)*

2002

Aaron Platt

Protein hydroperoxide formation and bioactivity

M.Sc. (Hons)*

2002

Joseph Pearson

Oxidative Modification of Apolipoprotein B-100

M.Sc. (Hons)*

2003

Liam Cassidy

The localisation of oxidative damage to proteins

M.Sc. (Hons)*

2003

Morgan Watson

Oxidative modification of human plasma by x-ray irradiation

B.Sc (Hons)*

2003

Vanessa Earles

Protein hydroperoxide formation on low density lipoprotein is inhibited by probucol upon oxidation

B.Sc (Hons)*

2004

Sarah Baird

7,8-Dihydroneopterin inhibition of oxidised low density lipoprotein induced cellular death

Ph.D.

2004

Lena Ling

Peroxyl radical mediated protein oxidation in plasma

M.Sc. (Hons)

2005

Marion Kappler

Response of THP-1 cells to oxidative damage induced by AAPH

M.Sc. (Hons)*

2005

Tina Yang

Inhibition of protein oxidation in human plasma

M.Sc. (Hons)*

2005

Adrienne Parks

Protein bound DOPA formation in human plasma

M.Sc. (Hons)

2006

Anna Osborn

Measurements of Human Plasma Oxidation

M.Sc. (Hons)

2006

Erin Brown

Modulation of intracellular GSH in THP-1 cells during oxidative stress induced by AAPH.

M.Sc. (Hons)

2006

Carol Firth

7,8-Dihydroneopterin-mediated protection of low density lipoprotein, but not human macrophages, from oxidative stress

Ph.D.

2008

Elizabeth Flavall

Neopterin levels in atherosclerotic plaques

M.Sc.

2008

Elizabeth Crone

Neopterin levels in atherosclerotic plaques

M.Sc. (Hons)

2008

Nick Tuckey

Free radical generation in fish

Ph.D.

2008

Zunika Amit

Antioxidant inhibition of foam cell apoptosis

Ph.D.

2008

Tommy Fluen

Bird Wax esters

M.Sc. (Hons)

2008

(Lisa) Pei-Chun Hsu

Clinical Measurement of clozapine and lamotrigine

M.Sc. (Hons)

2008

Denham Cook

Chemical and Biological processes in the frozen storage of fish

M.Sc. (Hons)

External Collaborators                

Prof. Jan Gebicki, Macquarie University, Sydney
Measurement of protein hydroperoxides during oxidative stress

Associate Prof. Mathew Whiteman, Peninsula Medical School, Exeter, UK
Free Radical Damage to Cells

Prof. David Leake, University of Reading
OxLDL formation and toxicity

Dr Mark Hampton, Free Radical Research, Christchurch Sch. Med.
Caspase activity during apoptosis

Dr Andrew Lang, Department of Radiology, Christchurch Hospital
Measurement of oxidative markers in pus

Dr Justin Roake, Department of Medicine, Christchurch Hospital
Measurement of oxidative markers in atherosclerotic plaque

Publications by Dr Gieseg

Papers in Refereed Journals

(Underlining indicates corresponding author)

  • Firth C.A.; Andrew D. Laing A.D.; Baird S.K.; Pearson, J. and Gieseg, S.P.; (2008) Inflammatory sites are a source of plasma neopterin: Measurement of high levels of neopterin and markers of oxidative stress in pus drained from human abscesses, Clinical Biochemistry, In Press.
  • Gieseg, S.P.; Leake, D.S.; Flavall, E.; Amit, Z.; Yang, Y.T.; (2008) Macrophage antioxidant protection within atherosclerotic plaques, Frontiers in Biosciences, In Press
  • Allen, V.J.; Marsden, I.D.; Ragg, N.L.C; Gieseg, S.P. (2006) The effects of tactile stimulants on feeding, growth, behaviour and meat quality of cultured Blackfoot abalone, Haliotis iris, Aquacultur, 257, 294-308.
  • Baird, S.K., Hampton M.B. and Gieseg, S.P. (2004) Oxidised LDL triggers phosphatidylserine exposure in human monocyte cell lines by both caspase-dependent and –independent mechanisms. febs Letters, 578,  169-174.
  • Duggan, S.; Rait, C., Gebicki, J.M. and Gieseg, S.P. (2001) Inhibition of protein oxidation by the macrophage synthesised antioxidant 7,8-dihydroneopterin. Redox Report, 6, 3, 188-190.
  • Gieseg, S.P., Glubb, D. and Maghzal, G. (2001) Protection of erythrocytes by the macrophage synthesized antioxidant 7,8 dihydroneopterin. Free Radical Research, 34, 123-136.
  • Gieseg, S.P., Maghzal G. and Dylan, G. (2000) Inhibition of haemolysis by the macrophage synthesized antioxidant, 7,8‑dihydroneopterin.  Redox Report, 5, 98-100
  • Gebicki J.M., Collins J., Gay C., Duggan S. and Gieseg, S.P. (2000) The dissection of oxidative changes in   human blood serum and U937 cells exposed to free radicals. Redox Report, 5, 55-56.
  • Gieseg, S.P.,  Cuddihy, S., Hill, J. and Davison, W.A. (2000) Comparison of plasma vitamin C and E levels in two antarctic fish and two temperate water fish, Comparative  Biochemistry & Physiology B,  125, 371-378.
  • Forster, M.E., Davison, W., Axelsson, M., Sundin, L., Franklin, C.E. and Gieseg, S.P. (1998) Catacholamines release in heat-stressed Antarctic fishes causes proton extrusion by red blood cells, Comparative  Biochemistry & Physiology B,  168, 345-352.
  • Ziouzenkova, O., Gieseg, S.P., Ramos, P., Esterbauer, H. (1996) Factors affecting resistance of low density lipoproteins to oxidation, Lipids, 31 (Suppl.), S71-S76.
  • Ramos P., Gieseg, S.P., Schuster, B. and Esterbauer, H. (1995) Effect of temperature and phase transition on oxidation resistance of low density lipoprotein., Journal of Lipid Research. 36, 10, 2113-2128.
  • Gieseg, S.P., Reibnegger, G., Wachter, H., and Esterbauer, H.(1995) 7,8 Dihydroneopterin inhibits low density lipoprotein oxidation in vitro. Evidence that this macrophage secreted pteridine is an anti-oxidant. Free Radical Research,  23, 2, 123-136.
  • Gieseg, S.P. and Esterbauer, H. (1994) Low density lipoprotein is saturable by pro-oxidant copper, FEBS letters, 343, 188-194.
  • Dean, R.T., Gieseg, S.P. and Davies, M.J. (1993) Reactive species and their accumulation on radical-damaged proteins, Trends in Biological Science, 18, 11, 437-441.
  • Simpson, J.A., Gieseg, S.P. and Dean, R.T. (1993) Radical and enzymatic mechanisms for the generation of protein bound reducing moieties, Biochemica et Biophysica Acta, 1156, 190-196.
  • O'Connell, A., Gieseg, S.P. and Stanley, K.K., (1993), Hypochlorite oxidation of Lp(a) and LDL causes cross-linking into a highly atherogenic form, Biochemica et Biophysica Acta, 1225, 180-186.
  • Jessup, W., Mohr, D., Gieseg, S.P., Dean, R.T. and Stocker, R. (1992) The participation of nitric oxide in cell-free and macrophage-mediated oxidation of low-density lipoprotein, Biochemica et Biophysica Acta, 1180, 73-82.
  • Dean, R.T., Gebicki, J., Gieseg, S.P., Grant, A.J. and Simpson, J.A. (1992) Hypothesis: A damaging role in aging for reactive protein oxidation products?, Mutation Research, 275, 387-393.
  • Gieseg, S.P., Grigor, M.R. and Carne, A. (1991) Sequence and immunological characterization of ovine pancreatic lipase, Biochemistry International, 23, 949-957.
  • Gieseg, S.P., Forrester, I.T. and Carne, A. (1991) The purification of ovine pancreatic lipase that is free of colipase using an improved delipidation method, Pancreas, 7, 45-51.

  • Trotman, C.N.A., Gieseg, S.P., Pirie, R.S. and Tate, W.P. (1987) Abnormal development in Artemia: Defective emergence of the prenauplius with bicarbonate deficiency, Journal of Experimental Zoology, 243, 173-346.

Book Chapters

  • Gieseg, S.P., (1998) Free Radicals-more than a revolution, In K. Duncan (Ed.) Fighting Free Radicals, The ENZOGENOLâ story. (44-54).  Christchurch.: The Pacific Scientific Press.
  • Dean, R., Fu, S., Gieseg, S. and Armstrong, S.G. (1996) Protein hydroperoxides, protein hydroxides and protein bound DOPA. In N.A. Punchard and F.J. Kelly (Ed.) Free Radicals A practical Approach.  The Practical Approach Series. (171-182). UK:Oxford University Press.
  • Esterbauer, H., Gieseg, S., Giessauf, A., Ziouzenkova, O. and Ramous, P. (1995) Role of natural antioxidants in inhibiting Cu++ mediated oxidation of LDL. In: Free Radicals, Lipoprotein Oxidation and Atherosclerosis. (11-25)  London:Riochelieu Press.
  • Esterbauer, H., Gieseg, S., Giessauf, A., Ziouzenkova, O., and Ramous, P. (1995) Free Radicals and Oxidative Modification of LDL. Role of natural Antioxidants. In Woodford, Davignon and Sniderman (Ed.) Atherosclerosis X. (203-208) Netherlands:Elsevier.
  • Dean, R.T., Gieseg, S.P. and Simpson, J.A. (1993) Marker or mechanism:  Possible pro-oxidant reactions of radical-damaged proteins in aging and atherosclerosis, an age related disease. In Poli, Albano and Dianzai (Ed.)   Free Radicals:From Basic Science to Medicine. Birkhauser Boston:Scientific and Technical Publishing.
  • Jessup, W., Dean, R.T., Gieseg, S.P., Hazell, L., Kritharides, L., Mander, E., Simpson, J.A. and Stocker, R., (1993), Oxidation of lipids and apolipoprotein B in LDL: In G. Prati (ed.) Mechanisms and consequences.  Symposium on dietary lipids, antioxidants and the prevention of atherosclerosis. Symposium held in  Asolo, Italy december of 1992, (35119-22) Padova Italy:Cooperative Libratia Editrice dell'Universita di Padova.
    • Trotman, C.N.A., Gieseg, S.P., Pirie, R.S. and Tate, W. (1989) Development abnormalities related to bicarbonate ion status during emergence of Artemia. In Cellular and Molecular Biology of Artemia Development .  (17-28). New York:Plenum Press

    Thesis Publications

    1985 The autonomous and environmental factors regulating the hatching of encysted Artemia salina, (1985), Part.3 Honours Thesis, Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand

    1990 The purification and characterisation of ovine pancreatic lipase,(1990) Ph.D. thesis, Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.

    Published Refereed Conference and Meeting Proceedings

    1. Gieseg SP, Firth CA and Pearson J., Protein hydroperoxides are formed on low-density-lipoprotein during cell mediated oxidation. Proceeding of the Society for Free Radicals Biology and Medicine, 10th Annual Meeting, Seattle USA. Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 2003, v35, S1, pg S104
    2. Firth CA and Gieseg SP, Protein hydroperoxide formation is inhibited by 7,8-dihydroneopterin during macrophage mediated oxidation of low density lipoprotein. Proceeding of the Society for Free Radicals Biology and Medicine, 10th Annual Meeting, Seattle USA. Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 2003, v35, S1, pg S104
    3. Gieseg SP, Cato S, Pearson J, and Baird S, Pterin production by macrophages inhibits cell mediated LDL oxidation, Proceedings of Australian Atherosclerosis Society meeting in Perth, Australia. Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Physiology, 2002, v29(7), pgA47-48
    4. Baird S, Gieseg S, ?-interferon stimulated pterin modulation of apoptosis in human macrophages exposed to oxLDL, Proceeding of the XIth Meeting of the Society for Free Radical Research International, Paris, France. Free Radical Biology & Medicine, 2002, v33, Suppl. 1, S78.
    5. Pearson, J., and Gieseg, S.P., Protein hydroperoxide formation on apoB may be a significant event in the development of atherosclerosis, Proceedings of the Christchurch Medical Research Society, New Zealand Medical Journal, 2000, v114(1142), pg 480
    6. Cato. S. Gieseg, S.P., Prevention of low density lipoprotein oxidation by 7,8-dihydroneopterin, Proceedings of the Christchurch Medical Research Society, New Zealand Medical Journal, 2001, v114(1138), pg 385
    7. Baird, S., Hampton, M.; Gieseg, S., OxLDL induced apoptosis of human macrophages Proceedings of the Christchurch Medical Research Society, New Zealand Medical Journal, 2001, v114(1138), pg 298
    8. Gieseg, S., Glubb, D., Muzghal, G., and Whybrow, J., Possible role of neopterin release during inflammation, Proceedings of the Christchurch Medical Research Society, New Zealand Medical Journal, 2000, v113, 231
    9. Duggan S., and Gieseg, S. Protection from oxidative damage to U937 cells by 7,8NP, an endogenous antioxidant, Proceedings of the Christchurch Medical Research Society, New Zealand Medical Journal, 2000, v113, 258
    10. Gieseg, S. and Baird, S. Comparison of antioxidant assays for flavanoid containing supplements. Proceding of Oxygen 98 in Washington D.C. Free Radicals Biology and Medicine, 1998, v25, Supplement 1, pg S104.
    11. Gieseg, S., Cruz, T., Glubb, D., Muzghal, G., and Whybrow J. (1998) 7,8 dihydroneopterin can protect cells from free radical mediated damage, Proceding of Oxygen 98 in Washington D.C, Free Radicals Biology and Medicine, 1998, v25, Supplement 1, pg S32.
    12. Gieseg, S.P, Reibnegger, G., Wachter, H. and Esterbauer, H., What is the Role of Neopterin Release by Monocytes during Inflammation?, Proceedings of Christchurch Medical Research Society, Christchurch, New Zealand Medical Journal, 1996, v109, 61
    13. Gieseg, S.P. and Carne, A. Characterization of ovine pancreatic lipase, Proc Univ Otago Med. Sch., 1988, v66, 51-52.

    Non-Refereed Science Publications

    Papers

    1. Gieseg, S.P. Reducing Free Radicals - A Dietary Revolution. New Zealand Science Monthly, July, 1999: 6-8.

    2. Gieseg, S.P., Waeg, G. Comparison of the NVT65 and SW41 rotors for the preparation of LDL:The bulk preparation of high purity low density lipoprotein by a single 2 hour ultracentrifugation step. Beckman report, Ausgabe 77, 1994, pg 6.

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